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The Microsoft identity platform (v2.0) endpoint supports authentication for different kinds of modern application architectures. All of the architectures are based on the industry-standard protocols OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect. Using the Microsoft identity platform authentication libraries, applications authenticate identities and acquire tokens to access protected APIs.

This article describes authentication flows and the application scenarios they're used in:

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  • Application scenarios and supported authentication flows.
  • Application scenarios and supported platforms and languages.

Application categories

Tokens can be acquired from several types of applications, including:

  • Web apps
  • Mobile apps
  • Desktop apps
  • Web APIs

Tokens can also be acquired from apps running on devices that don't have a browser or are running on IoT.

Applications can be categorized as in the following list:

  • Protected resources vs. client applications: Some scenarios are about protecting resources like web apps or web APIs. Other scenarios are about acquiring a security token to call a protected web API.
  • With users or without users: Some scenarios involve a signed-in user, but others, like daemon scenarios, don't involve a user.
  • Single-page, public client, and confidential client applications: These types are three large categories of applications. Each is used with different libraries and objects.
  • Sign-in audience: The available authentication flows differ depending on the sign-in audience. Some flows are available only for work or school accounts. And some are available both for work or school accounts and for personal Microsoft accounts. The allowed audience depends on the authentication flows.
  • Supported OAuth 2.0 flows: Authentication flows are used to implement the application scenarios that are requesting tokens. There isn't a one-to-one mapping between application scenarios and authentication flows.
  • Supported platforms: Not all application scenarios are available for every platform.

Protected resources vs. client applications

Authentication scenarios involve two activities:

  • Acquiring security tokens for a protected web API: We recommend that you use Microsoft-supported client libraries to acquire tokens, in particular the Microsoft Authentication Library (MSAL) family.
  • Protecting a web API or a web app: One challenge of protecting a web API or web app resource is validating the security token. On some platforms, Microsoft offers middleware libraries.

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With users or without users

Most authentication scenarios acquire tokens on behalf of signed-in users.

However, there are also daemon-app scenarios, in which applications acquire tokens on behalf of themselves with no user.

Single-page, public client, and confidential client applications

The security tokens can be acquired from multiple types of applications. These applications tend to be separated into three categories:

  • Single-page applications: Also known as SPAs, these apps are web apps in which tokens are acquired from a JavaScript or TypeScript app running in the browser. Many modern apps have a single-page application front end that is primarily written in JavaScript. The application often uses a framework like Angular, React, or Vue. MSAL.js is the only Microsoft authentication library that supports single-page applications.

    All of your Office for Mac 2011 apps will continue to function. License removal tool.

  • Public client applications: These applications always sign in users:

    • Desktop apps calling web APIs on behalf of the signed-in user
    • Mobile apps
    • Apps running on devices that don't have a browser, like those running on iOT

    These apps are represented by the MSAL PublicClientApplication class. For more information, see Public client and confidential client applications.

  • Confidential client applications:

    • Web apps calling a web API
    • Web APIs calling a web API
    • Daemon apps, even when implemented as a console service like a Linux daemon or a Windows service

    These types of apps use the ConfidentialClientApplication class. For more information, see Public client and confidential client applications.

Application scenarios

The Microsoft identity platform endpoint supports authentication for different app architectures:

  • Single-page apps
  • Web apps
  • Web APIs
  • Mobile apps
  • Native apps
  • Daemon apps
  • Server-side apps

Applications use the different authentication flows to sign in users and get tokens to call protected APIs.

A single-page application

Many modern web apps are built as client-side single-page applications. These applications using JavaScript or a single-page application framework like Angular, Vue.js, and React.js. These applications run in a web browser.

Their authentication characteristics differ from traditional server-side web apps. By using the Microsoft identity platform, single-page applications can sign in users and get tokens to access back-end services or web APIs.

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For more information, see Single-page applications.

A web app that is signing in a user

To protect a web app that is signing in a user:

  • If you develop in .NET, you use ASP.NET or ASP.NET Core with the ASP.NET Open ID Connect middleware. Protecting a resource involves validating the security token, which is done by the IdentityModel extensions for .NET library and not MSAL libraries.

  • If you develop in Node.js, you use Passport.js.

For more information, see Web app that signs in users.

A web app that signs in a user and calling a web API on behalf of the user

To call a web API from a web app on behalf of a user, use the MSAL ConfidentialClientApplication class. You use the Authorization code flow and store the acquired tokens in the token cache. When needed, MSAL refreshes tokens and the controller silently acquires tokens from the cache.

For more information, see A web app calling web APIs.

A desktop app calling a web API on behalf of a signed-in user

For a desktop app to call a web API that signs in users, use the interactive token-acquisition methods of the MSAL PublicClientApplication class. With these interactive methods, you can control the sign-in UI experience. MSAL uses a web browser for this interaction.

There's another possibility for Windows-hosted applications on computers joined either to a Windows domain or by Azure Active Directory (Azure AD). These applications can silently acquire a token by using Integrated Windows Authentication.

Applications running on a device without a browser can still call an API on behalf of a user. To authenticate, the user must sign in on another device that has a web browser. This scenario requires that you use the Device Code Flow.

Though we don't recommend you use it, the Username/Password flow is available in public client applications. This flow is still needed in some scenarios like DevOps.

But using this flow constrains your applications. For instance, applications can't sign in a user who needs to use multi-factor authentication or Conditional Access. Your applications also don't benefit from single sign-on.

Authentication with the Username/Password flow goes against the principles of modern authentication and is provided only for legacy reasons.

In desktop apps, if you want the token cache to persist, customize the Token Cache serialization. By implementing dual token cache serialization, you can use backward-compatible and forward-compatible token caches. These tokens support previous generations of authentication libraries. Specific libraries include Azure AD Authentication Library for .NET (ADAL.NET) version 3 and version 4.

For more information, see Desktop app that calls web APIs.

A mobile app calling a web API on behalf of an interactive user

Similar to a desktop app, a mobile app calls the interactive token-acquisition methods of the MSAL PublicClientApplication class to acquire a token for calling a web API.

MSAL iOS and MSAL Android use the system web browser by default. However, you can direct them to use the embedded Web View instead. There are specificities that depend on the mobile platform: Universal Windows Platform (UWP), iOS, or Android.

Some scenarios, like those that involve Conditional Access related to a device ID or a device enrollment, require a broker to be installed on the device. Examples of brokers are Microsoft Company Portal on Android and Microsoft Authenticator on Android and iOS. MSAL can now interact with brokers. For more information, see Leveraging brokers on Android and iOS.

For more information, see Mobile app that calls web APIs.

Note

Your mobile app that uses MSAL.iOS, MSAL.Android, or MSAL.NET on Xamarin can have app protection policies applied to it. For instance, the policies might prevent a user from copying protected text. The mobile app is managed by Intune and recognized by Intune as a managed app. For more information, see Microsoft Intune App SDK overview.

The Intune App SDK is separate from MSAL libraries and interacts with Azure AD on its own.

A protected web API

You can use the Microsoft identity platform endpoint to secure web services like your app's RESTful web API. A protected web API is called by using an access token. The token secures the API's data and to authenticate incoming requests. The caller of a web API appends an access token in the authorization header of an HTTP request.

If you want to protect your ASP.NET or ASP.NET Core Web API, you need to validate the access token. For this validation, you use the ASP.NET JWT middleware. The validation is done by the IdentityModel extensions for .NET library and not by MSAL.NET.

For more information, see Protected web API.

A web API calling another web API on behalf of a user

For your ASP.NET or ASP.NET Core protected Web API to call another web API on behalf of a user, your app needs to acquire a token for the downstream web API. To acquire a token, your app calls the ConfidentialClientApplication class's AcquireTokenOnBehalfOf method. Such calls are also named service-to-services calls. The web APIs that call other web APIs need to provide custom cache serialization.

For more information, see Web API that calls web APIs.

A daemon app calling a web API in the daemon's name

Apps that have long-running processes or that operate without user interaction also need a way to access secure web APIs. Such an app can authenticate and get tokens by using the app's identity. The app proves its identity by using a client secret or certificate.

You can write such daemon apps that acquire a token for the calling app by using the MSAL ConfidentialClientApplication class's client credentials acquisition methods. These methods require that the calling app has registered a secret with Azure AD. The app then shares the secret with the called daemon. Examples of such secrets include application passwords, certificate assertion, or client assertion.

For more information, see Daemon application that calls web APIs.

Scenarios and supported authentication flows

Scenarios that involve acquiring tokens also map to OAuth 2.0 authentication flows. For more information, see OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect protocols on the Microsoft identity platform.

ScenarioDetailed scenario walk-throughOAuth 2.0 flow and grantAudience
Single-page appImplicitWork or school accounts, personal accounts, and Microsoft Azure Active Directory B2C (Azure AD B2C)
A web app that signs in usersAuthorization CodeWork or school accounts, personal accounts, and Azure AD B2C
A web app that calls web APIsAuthorization CodeWork or school accounts, personal accounts, and Azure AD B2C
A desktop app that calls web APIsInteractive by using Authorization Code with PKCEWork or school accounts, personal accounts, and Azure AD B2C
Integrated Windows AuthWork or school accounts
Resource Owner PasswordWork or school accounts and Azure AD B2C
Device codeWork or school accounts
A mobile app that calls web APIsInteractive by using Authorization Code with PKCEWork or school accounts, personal accounts, and Azure AD B2C
Resource Owner PasswordWork or school accounts and Azure AD B2C
A daemon app that calls web APIsClient credentialsApp-only permissions with no user and used only in Azure AD organizations
A web API that calls web APIsOn Behalf OfWork or school accounts and personal accounts

Scenarios and supported platforms and languages

Microsoft Authentication libraries support multiple platforms:

  • JavaScript
  • .NET Framework
  • .NET Core
  • Windows 10/UWP
  • Xamarin.iOS
  • Xamarin.Android
  • Native iOS
  • macOS
  • Native Android
  • Java
  • Python

You can also use various languages to build your applications.

Note

Some application types aren't available on every platform.

In the Windows column of the following table, each time .NET Core is mentioned, .NET Framework is also possible. The latter is omitted to avoid cluttering the table.

ScenarioWindowsLinuxMaciOSAndroid
Single-page app

MSAL.js

MSAL.js

MSAL.js
MSAL.js
MSAL.js
Web App that signs in users

ASP.NET Core

ASP.NET Core

ASP.NET Core
Web App that calls web APIs

ASP.NET Core + MSAL.NET
MSAL Java
Flask + MSAL Python

ASP.NET Core + MSAL.NET
MSAL Java
Flask + MSAL Python

ASP.NET Core + MSAL.NET
MSAL Java
Flask + MSAL Python
Desktop app that calls web APIs
MSAL.NET
MSAL Java
MSAL Python
MSAL.NET
MSAL Java
MSAL Python
MSAL.NET
MSAL Java
MSAL Python
MSAL.objc
Mobile app that calls web APIs
MSAL.NET MSAL.NET MSAL.objc MSAL.Android
Daemon app
MSAL.NET
MSAL Java
MSAL Python
MSAL.NET
MSAL Java
MSAL Python
MSAL.NET
MSAL Java
MSAL Python
Web API that calls web APIs

ASP.NET Core + MSAL.NET
MSAL Java
MSAL Python

ASP.NET Core + MSAL.NET
MSAL Java
MSAL Python

ASP.NET Core + MSAL.NET
MSAL Java
MSAL Python

For more information, see Microsoft-supported libraries by OS / language.

Next steps

  • Learn more about Authentication basics and Microsoft identity platform access tokens.
  • Learn more about Securing access to IoT apps.
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Microsoft Database Daemon

  1. Do Word, Excel and PowerPoint use daemon?

Also see Microsoft AU daemon

Notifications are now called Reminders starting with Entourage 2008.

Recommended:

Before Installing any Office update or use backup software: Quit any applications that are running, including virus-protection applications, all Office applications, Microsoft Messenger for Mac, and Office Notifications (Microsoft Database daemon) See how to quit daemon.

New in Office 2004:

The daemon is also used to run the option in the the Database Utility to 'Verify Automatically in Background'. If the daemon is turned off, 'Verify Automatically in Background' will not take place.

Spotlight will index any cache files the Entourage daemon has created even if the daemon is not launched, but no new cache files will be created until the daemon is launched again. If the Microsoft Sync daemon never launches, there's no way for Entourage to sync data with Sync Services. The preferences in Entourage for Sync Services basically control 1) if this daemon app is launched and 2) where it should sync data to-from.

New in Office 2008:

Starting with Entourage 2008, Office Notifications are now called Office Reminders. It's not simply a name change. The Microsoft Database daemon no longer quits Reminders in Entourage 2008.

Before 2008, the daemon owned telling the reminders app that there were reminders. With 2008, the daemon only owns launching the reminders app and the reminders app asks the daemon about what to show.

1) What is a daemon?

A daemon is a networking program that performs a housekeeping or maintenance utility function without being called by the user. A daemon sits in the background and is activated only when needed, for example, to correct an error from which another program cannot recover.

2) What is the Microsoft Database Daemon?

The Microsoft Database Daemon allows the Reminder to work even if all MS applications are closed. The daemon is actually used all the time to access the Database. Even Word uses it. This is why you need to Quit Notifications and/or the Microsoft Database daemon when you install MS updates. It could also interfere with backup applications.

3) Should the database daemon show up in my startup items?

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If you have Office Notifications/Reminders enabled you will see the database daemon in your startup items. You should only have one. If you have more than one, delete them all and let one of the Office applications create a new one. Multiple daemons in startup can cause crashes.

4) Does switching back and forth between Entourage X and Entourage 2004 create multiple daemons?

Yes, you should quit Notifications and/or the daemon before launching another version.

You can open both Entourage 2004 and Entourage 2008 as well as any Office 2004 and 2008 application at the same time, but it's not recommended to actually use both versions of Entourage at the same time.

5) I recognize that Microsoft Database daemon is used by Office Notifications. What do Word, Excel and PowerPoint use it for, if anything?

Word, Excel, and PowerPoint have features that can trigger Office notifications. The 'flag for follow-up' button on Word's standard toolbar is one such feature. If you don't use these, you can turn Notifications off and delete it from the login items.

New to Entourage 2004: Spotlight will index any cache files the Entourage daemon has created even if the daemon is not launched, but no new cache files will be created until the daemon is launched again. If the Microsoft Sync daemon never launches, there's no way for Entourage to sync data with Sync Services.

New to Entourage 2008: The Microsoft Database daemon no longer quits Office Reminders.

6) Can I delete the Microsoft Database Daemon in startup items?

Yes, if you don't use Notifications and/or Reminders you can delete the daemon. However, Spotlight won't update any cached files if it's turned off.

7) What do I do if I have more than one Microsoft Database daemon?

If you see more than one Microsoft Database daemon delete them all and let Entourage recreate a new one.

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Panther->System Preferences->Users

Tiger->System Preferences->Accounts

8) How to quit Notifications/Reminders

Note: Just quitting Entourage will not quit the daemon and/or Notifications/Reminders. Notifications are now called Reminders in Office 2008.

Recommended for Office 2008 users: Read article Quit all Microsoft applications before backing up

Options to Quit:

How to quit Office Reminders and the Microsoft Database daemon in Entourage 2008:

  1. If the application Reminders is open, select to quit from the Dock or when it's active in the Menu bar, select quit.
  2. Open Activity Monitor in your Utilties folder, sort by 'microsoft', select Microsoft Office Reminders, double click to open window and select quit. (just do a normal quit, not a forced quit)
  3. Easiest way...Use this script to quit (download script: quit all Microsoft applications) or create a script just to delete daemon and reminders:

How to quit Office Notifications and the Microsoft Database daemon for Entourage 2004 and Entourage X.

  1. In Entourage Menu select 'Turn off Office Notifications'
  2. Open 'Activity Monitor' (older OS called it Process Viewer), look for 'database daemon', double click to open window and select quit.(just do a normal quit, not a forced quit).
  3. Easiest way...use this script: (or download script here)

Save as either

  1. Application (to use script from desktop)
  2. Complied (to use from Script Menu)

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I suggest placing the script in the Script Menu available from Apple for easy access.

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To install Script Menu:

Open the AppleScript utility located in Applications/AppleScript.

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Select the 'Show Script Menu in menu bar' checkbox.